Bologna projection
Flood-driving rainfall, mid-century
Maximum 1-day precipitation, historical 1995-2014 vs future 2040-2059. Trust-weighted CMIP6 projection using models that pass Aras Diagram skill screening.
+5.73 mmProjected max 1-day precipitation change.
+14.2%Relative increase from the historical baseline.
78%Trusted-model weight agreeing on increase.
| Baseline | Future | Spread | Trusted models |
| 40.23 mm | 45.97 mm | -0.26 to +11.73 mm | 32 of 34 |
Validation-stage flood screening
Emilia-Romagna / Bologna, May 2023 flood
Validation-stage flood screening compared against a Sentinel-1 threshold mask. The event hindcast uses ERA5-Land observed precipitation, not a free-running climate model.
15.217Event precipitation, mm/day.
2.0678Rainfall anomaly in standard deviations.
100%Probability of detection in this sample case.
Validation metrics are useful for pilot evaluation and model improvement. They are not operational accuracy claims.